Written Resources

Design Methods Reference Books

"Electronics, Project Management and Design", by D. Joseph Stadtmiller, published by Prentice Hall, 2001.
(Paperback w/ CD-ROM: ISBN 0-13-012729-9)

"Engineering Design Methods", by Nigel Cross, published by Wiley
(ISBN 0-471-94228-6)

"Engineering Design for Electrical Engineers" by Alan D. Wilcox, published by Prentice Hall
(ISBN 0-13-278136-0)

"Strategies for Creative Problem Solving" by H. Scott Fogler and Steven E. LeBlanc, published by Prentice Hall
(ISBN 0-13-179318-7)

Sensors and Instrumentation Reference Books

"Measurement, Instrumentation and Sensors Handbook", ed. John Webster, published by CRC Press and IEEE Press, 1999.
(ISBN 0-8493-8347-1)

"Electronic Instrument Handbook", by Clyde Coombs, published by McGraw Hill, 1999.
(Hardcover: ISBN 0071350160, Paperback: ISBN 007026186)

"Capacitive Sensors", by L. Baxter, IEEE Series on Electronic Technology, 1997.
(ISBN 0-7803-1130-2)

High Speed Design Issues

High Speed Digital Design: A Handbook of Black Magic by Howard W. Johnson & Martin Graham, published by Prentice Hall
(ISBN 0-13-395724-1)

Active Cell Balancing for Solar Vehicle Battery Pack

Tara D'Souza, John Han, Rohan Kamatar

Featured Project

# Problem

Illini Solar Car (ISC) utilizes lithium ion battery packs with 28 series modules of 15 parallel cells each. In order to ensure safe operation, each battery cell must remain in its safe voltage operating range (2.5 - 4.2 V). Currently, all modules charge and discharge simultaneously. If any single module reaches 4.2V while charging, or 2.5V while discharging, the car must stop charging or discharging, respectively. During normal use, it is natural for the modules to become unbalanced. As the pack grows more unbalanced, the capacity of the entire battery pack decreases as it can only charge and discharge to the range of the lowest capacity module. An actively balanced battery box would ensure that we utilize all possible charge during the race, up to 5% more charge based on previous calculations.

# Solution Overview

We will implement active balancing which will redistribute charge in order to fully utilize the capacity of every module. This system will be verified within a test battery box so that it can be incorporated into future solar vehicles.

Solution Components:

- Test Battery Box (Hardware): The test battery box provides an interface to test new battery management circuitry and active balancing.

- Battery Sensors (Hardware): The current battery sensors for ISC do not include hardware necessary for active balancing. The revised PCB will include the active balancing components proposed below while also including voltage and temperature sensing for each cell.

- Active Balancing Circuit (Hardware): The active balancing circuit includes a switching regulator IC, transformers, and the cell voltage monitors.

- BMS Test firmware (Software): The Battery Management System requires new firmware to control and test active balancing.

# Criterion for Success

- Charge can be redistributed from one module to another during discharge and charge, to be demonstrated by collected data of cell voltages over time.

- BMS can control balancing.

- The battery pack should always be kept within safe operating conditions.

- Test battery box provides a safe and usable platform for future tests.