Project

# Title Team Members TA Documents Sponsor
5 Display for ODEs
 Kejia Hu
Qianhe Ye
Qirong Xia
Zhuohao Li
 design_document1.pdf
final_paper1.pdf
final_paper2.pdf
proposal1.pdf
 Pavel Loskot
# TEAM MEMBERS
- Qirong Xia (qirongx2)
- Kejia Hu (kejiahu2)
- Qianhe Ye (qianhey2)
- Zhuohao Li (zhuohao5)

# PROBLEM
Many physical systems involve interactions between multiple variables that can be difficult to conceptualize in a 2D space. Visualizing these solutions in 3D allows a more intuitive understanding of the behavior over time or across different conditions. Additionally, for problems involving spatial dimensions, a 3D visualization can illustrate how variables change not just over time but also across different points in space.

# SOLUTION OVERVIEW
Our project aims to create a 3D real-time visualization of a time-varying 2D Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) function. This visualization platform will dynamically represent the changing behavior of the function over time. Additionally, we will project the color to the surface from either the top or below, adding another dimension of visual interpretation. Our design has three subsystems and one optional subsystem. The **User Interface module** will get the ODE from the user calculate the solution for it and transmit the data to the Dynamic Stick Control module. This subsystem will get the ODE solution from the User Interface Module and then convert the information to languages that the mechanical devices can understand. Our **Mechanical module** adjusts the height of the stick based on the signal transmitted from the Dynamic Stick Control module. Additionally, this module will use a **Lycra fabric** to cover the top of the grid-like sticks to create a smooth visualization surface for displaying the ODE. Finally, if the time is available, we will design a Surface Coloring and Projection Module which will project images to the canvas either from the top or below.

# SOLUTION COMPONENTS

## USER INTERFACE SUBSYSTEM
The User Interface (UI) module serves as the interface between the user and the ODE visualization system. It receives input ODE equations from the user, calculates the solution for them, and transmits the data to the Dynamic Stick Control module for visualization. To realize this function, firstly, we need a Graphical User Interface (GUI) which contains components such as text input fields, buttons, sliders, and dropdown menus for user interaction, allowing users to input ODE equations through a graphical interface. Secondly, once the user inputs the ODE equations, the module utilizes an ODE solver algorithm to compute the solution. This may involve numerical integration techniques such as Euler's method, Runge-Kutta method, or other numerical approaches depending on the complexity and accuracy requirements of the ODE. Thirdly, after computing the solution, the UI module transmits the data, including the time-varying solutions of the ODE variables, to the Dynamic Stick Control module for visualization. The transmission occurs through a wired communication interface. Lastly, the UI module will provide feedback to the user regarding the status of the computation, such as progress indicators or error messages in case of invalid input or computation failures.

## DYNAMIC-STICK CONTROL SUBSYSTEM
The control subsystem first interprets the solution of ODE from the User Interface subsystem. Then the system translates the solutions of the ODE into control commands that can be executed by the mechanical subsystem. This involves mapping the mathematical solutions to physical actions, such as the movement of the sticks. Besides this, the control subsystem also gets feedback from the mechanical subsystem, comparing the actual outcomes with the desired outcomes, and tuning the outputs accordingly. To implement the control logic, we plan to use the Arduino development board or an low-power Intel FPGA (DE10-Lite).

## MECHANICAL SUBSYSTEM
The mechanical subsystem is composed of sticks that can dynamically move up and down based on the displayed solution. Lycra fabric is affixed to the top of each stick to make the visualization smooth. The mechanical subsystem gets inputs from the control subsystem, performing the actions as dictated by the control commands, and feedback to the control subsystem for further tuning. The system maintains the precision and accuracy of the motions by following the control commands from the control system as closely as possible. It should also be robust and minimize the small vibrations and noise from the environment.

## SURFACE COLORING AND PROJECTION SUBSYSTEM (OPTIONAL)
The coloring and projection subsystem is on the top of the device. It continuously measures the height of each stick in real-time, which can be achieved by incorporating ultrasonic sensors in the subsystem to sense the distance. To achieve accurate and rapid coloring, the subsystem also needs to prevent noise from affecting the sensor's operation. The data collected from the sensors is processed to identify the status of the mechanical system. Given the processed sensing data, the subsystem employs a logic to assign colors based on the height of the sticks. For example, the highest sticks could be assigned to the color red, while the saddle points are assigned to the color blue. As the height of the sticks changes, the subsystem must dynamically adjust the projections in real time to reflect these changes. We plan to implement this feature if time is available since it requires an independent control system to implement the logic.

# Criterion for Success

The success of our project will be determined by the following high-level goals:

1. **Functional User Interface (UI) Subsystem**: The UI should be intuitive and user-friendly, allowing users to input ODE equations easily and see the status of computations. It should effectively communicate with the Dynamic Stick Control subsystem to transmit ODE solutions accurately and efficiently.

2. **Accurate Dynamic-Stick Control Subsystem**: This subsystem needs to accurately interpret and translate ODE solutions into precise mechanical movements. The control system, whether using an Arduino or FPGA, should provide reliable and real-time response to the computations received from the UI.

3. **Robust Mechanical Subsystem**: The mechanical setup, involving the dynamic sticks and Lycra fabric, must respond accurately to the control signals. It should be sturdy, minimize vibrations and noise, and accurately reflect the ODE solutions in a 3D format.

4. **Overall Integration and Performance**: All subsystems must work harmoniously to create a seamless and real-time 3D visualization of the ODE solutions. The system should be stable, efficient, and provide a clear and accurate representation of the ODE dynamics.

# Distribution of Work

The work distribution among team members is planned as follows, considering their majors and skills:

- **Qirong Xia (qirongx2)**:As an electrical engineering student, Qirong will lead the electrical design and, if time allows, lead the development of the Surface Coloring and Projection subsystem, focusing on sensor integration and real-time color projection.
- **Kejia Hu (kejiahu2)**: With expertise in electrical engineering, Kejia will be responsible for the Dynamic-Stick Control subsystem, including programming the Arduino or FPGA for accurate control and feedback mechanisms.
- **Qianhe Ye (qianhey2)**: As a mechanical engineering student, Qianhe will lead the design and construction of the Mechanical subsystem, ensuring the precision and robustness of the stick movements and fabric setup.
- **Zhuohao Li (zhuohao5)**: With a background in computer engineering, Zhuohao will focus on developing the User Interface subsystem, including the GUI design and integration with the ODE solver algorithm.

The project's complexity is justified by the diverse skills of the team members. The combination of expertise in computer, electrical, and mechanical engineering is essential for tackling the various challenges presented by this interdisciplinary project. Each member's skill set is aligned with their respective subsystem, ensuring a well-rounded approach to achieving the project's goals.

Miniaturized Breath Sensors

Rui Cai, Yiyang Chen, Qiaozhi Huang, Yingzhuo Wang

Featured Project

## Group Member:

- Yiyang Chen[yiyangc5];

- Rui Cai[ruic2] ;

- Yinzhuo Wang[yw28];

- Qiaozhi Huang[qiaozhi2]

## Problem

Flow monitoring is crucial in many applications. We want to build a miniaturized breath sensor system that can monitor asthma.

## Solution Overview

In this wearable respiratory monitoring device, a new fluid measurement device, similar in principle to a traditional hotline, will be used to collect real-time data on a person's breathing rate. In contrast to the traditional hotline, materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes are used as probes which is much more robust and have lower TCR(temperature coefficient of resistance). This material--graphene fiber (GF) will be welded into Wheatstone bridge and the voltage output of GF will demonstrate the velocity of air flow by controlling the temperature of the GF. Then, we will use filter to eliminate noise of the signal and do Fourier Transform to demonstrate the frequency of respiration. After that, this signal can be sent to smartphone. With previous training data online, we can analyze the signal of respiration and conclude the probability of asthma. We plan to use a mobile app to show users breathing data, summarize the data and make recommendations. We will use Bluetooth for data transmission.

## Solution Components

### Flow Sensor System

The resistance of a specific material changes at different temperatures, and the flow sensor system's control circuit measures the change in resistance to achieve constant temperature control of the sensor probe. In the thermostatically controlled fluid sensor subsystem, the heat carried by the fluid at different speeds through the sensor probe is the same as the heat provided by the compensation circuit, so that the fluid flow rate can be accurately measured. Graphene and carbon nanotubes are widely used in these sensor probes, and sensor probes using pencil and paper have recently been proposed as a new type of sensor probe. The processing of sensor probes is challenging and there are advantages and disadvantages to various methods, including soldering and metal clamping, and we are trying to design a small, low-cost and robust sensor probe.

### Circuit

The circuit of our design consists of three sections: Wheatstone Bridge, Amplifier, and Feedback control. We need to adjust the resistance of the Wheatstone Bridge to construct and balance a working space for GF sensor. As it states in previous, the flow would change the GF material’s resistance, thus create a voltage difference on both sides of the Wheatstone Bride. This difference will be amplified by the operational amplifier, and the voltage regulator will change the excitation voltage on the Wheatstone Bridge in order to keep the temperature of GF stable. The difficulty of our design come from the feedback control design. One possible way is to use transistors. In addition, if we want to eliminate the environmental temperature effect, specific temperature compensation measure should be implemented, such as add a temperature sensor in another Wheatstone Bridge. The circuit should keep the GF temperature stable and output the voltage change, this output signal will transfer to next section and be processed and analysed.

### Signal Processing and Analysis

First, we must use filter to eliminate noise of signal. As we all know, the high frequency noise can have a negative influence on the signal, which does harm to our analysis of asthma. Therefore, we must do FFT on signal we get from circuit and use high frequency filter to eliminate certain noise. Second, to calculate the probability of asthma, we must collect training data of respiration online. These data can be used to do machine learning. With those training data, the signal can be analysed easily.

### Result

Visualization Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) features Low power consumption and faster transmission speeds. Therefore, we choose BLE to transmit data to mobile phone on this wearable respiratory monitoring device that requires long battery life and only a small amount of data transfer. We're also going to keep the interface simple and add analysis function to the app.

## Criterion of success

- Wearable and Miniaturized In the current study, wearability and miniaturization directly determine the industrialization potential of this new type of sensor. The portability of the product will help to achieve 24/7 patient health monitoring. Therefore, the development of wearable and miniaturized health monitors is considered as one of the criteria to measure the success of the product.

- Comfortable and Flexible Flexible sensors that conform to human science will significantly improve the comfort of wearing the product and determine the user's willingness to wear it. Flexibility and comfort are one of the goals of the product.

- Environment Friendly Environmental protection is becoming an increasingly important issue to be addressed today. The development of environment-friendly sensors is the goal of this research. Conventional biosensors will inevitably use environmentally hazardous materials such as plastic. this study will use degradable materials, such as paper, instead of plastic for product development.

- Low Cost Low-cost respiratory health monitors facilitate product penetration and daily use.

- Reliable and Stable As a medical product, the reliability of the product determines the safety of the life of the target object. A highly reliable and high-performance respiratory monitoring device can effectively guarantee the occurrence of accidents.

## Distribution of Work

Yiyang Chen (ME), Rui Cai (EE) and Qiaozhi Huang (ME) will be responsible for the construction of the fluid sensors, the design of the wearable device, the design and debugging of the circuitry, which are closely linked and we agree that there is no need for an overly clear distribution of work, Rui Cai will lead the development and fabrication of the circuitry. Yingzhuo Wang (ME) will be responsible for the development of the wireless Bluetooth data transmission technology, the visualization of the monitoring results and the implementation of the interactive functions.