Project

# Title Team Members TA Documents Sponsor
17 Safety Suite for Electric Longboards
Best Overall Project (SP21)
Alexander Krysl
Patrick Stach
Pouya Akbarzadeh
Evan Widloski design_document1.pdf
design_document12.pdf
final_paper3.pdf
presentation1.txt
presentation2.pdf
proposal1.pdf
Alexander Krysl [krysl2], Patrick Stach [stach2], Pouya Akbarzadeh [pa2]

# Problem

Electric Skateboards and Longboards have skyrocketed in popularity for personal transportation in urban cities & towns. Their nimble and speedy characteristics allow users to easily navigate long distances of congested vehicle or foot traffic, yet are small and lightweight enough to be carried around indoors.

Despite their value as a useful transportation and recreational tool, nearly all consumer electric boards lack seemingly paramount safety features. Only a small subset of electric boards include what is termed a 'dead man switch', a button on the remote control that must be pressed at all times in order to engage the motors. And some electric boards force braking power unless remote control-commanded motion is occurring. These two features are the only safety features that are commonly offered on popular consumer electric boards, and we find these very minimal at ensuring the safety of the user and of passing pedestrians.

Furthermore, the motor control design of consumer electric skateboards is arguably simple and can cause dangerous conditions. Nearly all electric skateboards power the rear wheels with individual motors, but the throttle control given to the user via the remote applies power to both wheels identically. While suitable for most straight-line, even-terrain travel, this design can cause wheel-slip under uncertain conditions - specifically, while performing harder turns, or traveling across uneven terrain. This wheel-slip can easily cause users to lose control of the electric board, and can cause injury to both the user and to passerbys.

Additionally, the dead man switch does not mitigate every situation where a user falls off of the board. If the user happens to hold the dead man switch while falling off (which is entirely possible in the shock of the moment), this can allow the skateboard to accelerate towards pedestrians - undoubtedly a serious safety hazard.

# Solution Overview

What we propose as a solution to these safety concerns is a suite of safety features.

- Firstly, we wish to develop an electronic differential for electric skateboards that can sense whenever wheel-slip occurs and proportionally reduce motor power to mitigate it. This, we hope, will greatly improve the stability of our electric board when travelling across uneven terrain or under severe turning conditions.

- Secondly, in tandem with the electronic differential, we wish to develop a sensing device that can detect when the user has fallen off of the board, and to heavily reduce motor power when this occurs. This would prevent the board from accelerating towards pedestrians once the user has fallen off.

- Thirdly, we wish to develop another sensing device that can audibly warn the user of potential obstacles that are directly in the electric board's way. This would be supremely useful in nighttime environments, where users have difficulty identifying obstacles (such as curbs, walls, or large rocks) that are fast approaching while in motion.

We intend to initially build a rear-wheel drive Electric Longboard out of existing, commercially available components, and then develop our safety suite upon that foundation.

We believe these aforementioned features are necessary to ensure the safety of electric skateboards & longboards, not only for users but for pedestrians as well.

# Solution Components

## Safety Microcontroller
We will have a microcontroller as a main control unit that reads and processes the sensor data across the electric longboard and remote, and adjust the motor characteristics in accordance with the safety features we have described earlier. (More on the various sensors/data in the following components.) To clarify, this unit is separate from the electronic speed controllers (ESCs) that individually power the rear electric motors. Instead, this unit will manage the states of the ESCs, primarily tasked with determining the maximum output that should be achievable by each motor at any given point in time. If wheel-slip is sensed, the wheel & motor at fault will receive reductions in power until the wheel-slip is mitigated. If user ejection is sensed, all motor power will immediately be reduced down to a walking speed or less.

## Wheel RPM Sensing
To reiterate, losing static friction traction of the powered wheels of the skateboard poses a significant safety risk, as otherwise the user’s control of the board’s motion / inertia is severely compromised. We want the wheels to be rolling such that the rotational velocity of the outside of the wheel is equal to the translational velocity of that wheel; specifically, we will need to sense when this is no longer the case. To accomplish this, we wish to incorporate sensors that can detect the revolutions per minute for each of the four wheels of the longboard. The most likely sensor type we are considering at this time are infrared sensors. We will then send this data to the Safety Microcontroller, where our algorithm, using the front, non-powered wheels as reference, will determine whenever wheel-slip is occurring.

## User Ejection Sensing
In order to detect when a user is physically on top of and actively using the board, we plan to use a pressure-sensitive conductive sheet under each of the two trucks of the longboard. The particular material we are currently considering is velostat, as velostat’s electric resistance decreases under increased weight / pressure. We hope to send this resistance measurement to the Safety Microcontroller, where a simple algorithm on that data can determine whether the longboard is under the weight of a person or not.

## Obstacle Detection
In nearly every common riding scenario, an electric longboard user will be primarily focused on the approaching ground, ready to navigate any traffic, obstacles, or small obstructions that are fastly approaching. The user’s ability to do this is greatly suppressed under nighttime/dark conditions. While headlights affixed to the board will undoubtedly help, they do not completely remedy the issue. We hope to implement an approaching obstacle detection system via infrared and/or ultrasonic sensors. We wish to send this information to the Safety Microcontroller for processing. When it is determined that a significant obstacle is detected, we wish to communicate that to the user via the wireless remote (discussed in the following component).

## Wireless Remote with Board-User Feedback
We wish to design and build a remote control that is up to par with the best electric skateboard remotes currently available, including a dead man switch and a spring-loaded thumbwheel. In addition, we find it crucial to communicate to the user whether a safety hazard has been sensed. We are currently considering accomplishing this communication either through a beeping speaker or a haptic rumble feature.

# Criterion for Success

Our criterion for success would be as follows:
- Our Electric Longboard performs all of the basic functions & features of a commercially-available electric longboard, with user control via wireless remote.
- Our Electric Longboard detects when one or both powered wheels are exhibiting wheel-slip / loss of static friction traction
- Our Electronic Longboard mitigates any wheel-slip / loss of static friction traction to either powered wheel
- Our Electronic Longboard detects when the weight upon it is less than the threshold expected for a typical human user.
- Our Electronic Longboard reduces motor power to the minimum when the weight sensed is below threshold
- Our Electronic Longboard detects approaching significant obstacles, even under low light conditions.
- Our Electronic Longboard notifies the user whenever a safety feature has been activated.

El Durazno Wind Turbine Project

Alexander Hardiek, Saanil Joshi, Ganpath Karl

El Durazno Wind Turbine Project

Featured Project

Partners: Alexander Hardiek (ahardi6), Saanil Joshi (stjoshi2), and Ganpath Karl (gkarl2)

Project Description: We have decided to innovate a low cost wind turbine to help the villagers of El Durazno in Guatemala access water from mountains, based on the pitch of Prof. Ann Witmer.

Problem: There is currently no water distribution system in place for the villagers to gain access to water. They have to travel my foot over larger distances on mountainous terrain to fetch water. For this reason, it would be better if water could be pumped to a containment tank closer to the village and hopefully distributed with the help of a gravity flow system.

There is an electrical grid system present, however, it is too expensive for the villagers to use. Therefore, we need a cheap renewable energy solution to the problem. Solar energy is not possible as the mountain does not receive enough solar energy to power a motor. Wind energy is a good alternative as the wind speeds and high and since it is a mountain, there is no hindrance to the wind flow.

Solution Overview: We are solving the power generation challenge created by a mismatch between the speed of the wind and the necessary rotational speed required to produce power by the turbine’s generator. We have access to several used car parts, allowing us to salvage or modify different induction motors and gears to make the system work.

We have two approaches we are taking. One method is converting the induction motor to a generator by removing the need of an initial battery input and using the magnetic field created by the magnets. The other method is to rewire the stator so the motor can spin at the necessary rpm.

Subsystems: Our system components are split into two categories: Mechanical and Electrical. All mechanical components came from a used Toyota car such as the wheel hub cap, serpentine belt, car body blade, wheel hub, torsion rod. These components help us covert wind energy into mechanical energy and are already built and ready. Meanwhile, the electrical components are available in the car such as the alternator (induction motor) and are designed by us such as the power electronics (AC/DC converters). We will use capacitors, diodes, relays, resistors and integrated circuits on our printed circuit boards to develop the power electronics. Our electrical components convert the mechanical energy in the turbine into electrical energy available to the residents.

Criterion for success: Our project will be successful when we can successfully convert the available wind energy from our meteorological data into electricity at a low cost from reusable parts available to the residents of El Durazno. In the future, their residents will prototype several versions of our turbine to pump water from the mountains.