Series Proof

Circuit Analysis Shortcuts

Proof of the Series Resistance Formula

Learn It!

Pre-Requisite Knowledge

To understand this section, you need to know the following concepts:

Goal

Derive the series resistance formula

Using Ohm's Law and Kirchoff's circuit laws, derive the formula for the equivalent resistance of multiple resistors in series.

For the case of three differently valued resistors labeled

$R_1,R_2,R_3$ , prove that the equivalent resistance of all of them together is

$R_{eq}=R_1+R_2+R_3$

Part 1

Proving the formula

$\begin{align} V_1&=I R_1 \\ V_2&=I R_2 \\ V_3&=I R_3 \end{align}$

Ohm's Law for each resistor. Take note that the voltages across each resistor are not in general the same.

All three resistors are in series, so they all share a single current, the unsubscripted

$I$

$V=V_1+V_2+V_3$

Apply KVL. The voltages across all the elements add up to the terminal voltage,

$V$ with no subscript.

$V= I R_1 +I R_2 +I R_3$

Substitute individual ohm's law equations into KVL equation. We do this to get a single equation relating the total voltage to the full current.

$V= I \underbrace{(R_1 + R_2 + R_3)}_{R_{eq}}$

Factor out the current

$I$ . Now current is in only one place, so our equation looks suspiciously like Ohm's law again, but with a different

$R$ .

$V= I ( R_{eq})$

The quantity in the parentheses is a factor relating total current to total voltage, so it is the equivalent resistance. We win!

★

$R_{eq}=R_1 + R_2 + R_3$

We have proven the series resistance formula for three resistors.

Extending this proof to an arbitrary number of resistors doesn't change it much, and results in the general formula in the formula in the course notes and the shorter derivation found there.